A crucial insight on Lithium-ion battery safety

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Lithium-ion batteries have become an integral power source across modern life, fuelling everything from personal gadgets like mobile phones, laptops, and e-cigarettes, to larger applications such as electric scooters, e-bikes, and vehicles. However, recent media reports have underscored concerns, particularly from the fire service, about the potential hazards associated with the charging and use of these batteries.

Power packed, yet potentially perilous

The impressive energy storage capacity and rechargeable nature of lithium-ion batteries provide a distinct advantage over traditional alternatives. Yet, these attributes come with potential drawbacks – particularly the risk of catastrophic incidents stemming from battery cell damage or failure.

Several documented cases have emphasised the dangers for both domestic and commercial users. Chief among them is the fierce and dramatic combustion that can occur during battery cell failure due to the flammable electrolytes within.

Understanding thermal runaway

Mechanical damage, like dropping or penetration, or exposure to excessive heat or overcharging, can trigger thermal runaway. This phenomenon involves a rapid and uncontrollable increase in surface temperature within the battery cell, often accompanied by off-gassing – the release of various gases, some of which are toxic and flammable. This off-gassing might manifest as hissing, whistling, or popping sounds, as well as the appearance of black smoke or white vapor.

The menace of hydrogen fluoride

One hazardous component that can emerge during such incidents is hydrogen fluoride, a highly corrosive and toxic gas. Its release can lead to chemical burns if it comes into contact with the skin.

The lingering threat of stranded energy

Even after a fire involving lithium-ion batteries has been extinguished, a residual threat remains. Stranded energy within these batteries can potentially reignite, though this is less common in smaller devices.

To minimise risks associated with these batteries the following is recommended:

• Storage and charging: Larger battery-powered items, such as e-bikes and scooters, should ideally be charged and stored externally in dedicated areas, away from main structures and potential sources of ignition. If within a building, a designated well-ventilated room with smoke detection and behind a closed fire door.
• Charging practices: Charge batteries while you’re present and avoid overnight charging, especially in sleeping areas. Always follow manufacturer instructions and use recommended charging equipment.
• Visual inspections: Regularly assess the condition of the battery and equipment for physical damage, signs of overheating, or discoloration.
• Waste disposal: Dispose of waste batteries separately, in a secure area, away from buildings and ignition sources, until removed by an authorised specialist.
• Firefighting: Due to the unique hazards posed by lithium-ion batteries, firefighting is best left to professionals. Small incidents might be addressed with portable water extinguishers, but safety should always be paramount.

Embracing these precautions ensures safer utilisation of lithium-ion batteries and reduces the likelihood of hazardous situations.

If you’d like to find out more, contact David Gaskin on [email protected].